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  1. Social Science
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Brecht's V-Effect in his own words

  • Bertolt BRECHT

Définition du "Verfremdungseffekt"

Original typescript signed - Definition of the "Verfremdungseffekt"

S. n.|1955|17.50 x 20.90 cm|une page sur une feuille

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⬨ 87894
Original typescript in German signed by Bertolt Brecht, 22 lines on one leaf. One typewritten correction. Slight traces of folds, and a few parts shadowed.
Published in Brecht's correspondence (GBA, Briefe 3).
Important definition by Brecht of his famous Verfremdungseffekt, the the­atrical distancing or "alienation" he coined and popularized, for audiences to reach an intellectual level of under­standing of theater, instead of being trapped in an illusory narrative world. The playwright sets out the political and aesthetic mission of these dra­matic effects for French audiences. A rare theoretical writing in private hands, the majority of his papers be­ing at the Akademie der Künste in Ber­lin (Bertolt-Brecht-Archiv).
On the occasion of his last visit in Paris, Brecht sent this Verfremdung manifes to theater journalist Henry Magnan. The text reflects France's renewed interest in his revolutionary approach: "From June 20 to 24, 1955, the Berliner Ensem­ble performed The Caucasian Chalk Cir­cle as part of the 2nd International Festi­val of Dramatic Arts in Paris; Brecht took part despite health problems. Audience interest surpassed the first 1954 Parisian performance. Every performance was sold out. Its political references were sometimes problematic to critics but the staging was unanimously acclaimed." (Noah Willumsen, Brecht: Interviews 1926-1956, 2023).
The text was published with an inter­view Brecht gave to Magnan for the French paper Le Monde ("Déclarations de M. Bertolt Brecht", June 25, 1955). However, a part of this typed state­ment was cut against Brecht's wishes, whose "only demand (oh what a man!) was that we transcribe the letter ex­actly", the article ironically states. The French translation had even complete­ly changed the meaning of the second sentence, deleting the negation present in our original version: "Actually, it is al­ways alienation effects when in art the illusion that one is facing nature itself is [not] maintained". Probably an un­intentional omission, that nonetheless reversed the very definition of his the­atrical project based on Verfremdung.
Like the socialist Shaw before him, Brecht openly wanted to change the minds of his audience. In other words, make people think about the old and established ways, and instead of accep­tance, aim for novelty. What was most radical about Brecht's work was that his politics did not just shape the content of his theatre but its form, as well. This is the great paradox of Brechtian theater, whose famous effects are, in fact, quite old:


"Alienation effects have been known in theater and other artforms for a long time [...] Thus, on the stage, the repre­sented world is already alienated by conventions of verse or by a very per­sonal style or by the abrupt change from verse to prose, or seriousness to comedy. I myself use alienation effects (including the old ones mentioned above) to make human society ap­pear as not so natural ("Of course, my dear, that's nature"), i.e. self-evident and indisputable. For a long time now, science has treated "forces of nature" (such as great plagues, meteorological horrors, the night, etc.) as stemming from nature, but by no means natural. Art is still powerless in the face of hu­man nature and thus in the face of so­cial catastrophes of both an individual and general nature (such as the lust for power, love, war, etc.). It behaves de­faitistically towards human nature. In some theoretical works, I have tried to prove we need a technique of alienation in the art of theater and why we need it - not necessarily my techniques, by the way". His non-realist innovations, which borrowed eclectically from Asian, Eliza­bethan, and Expressionist theatre, also represent a return to classical tradition.
As evidenced by the transcription er­rors and cuts in Brecht's original text, "Attempts to appropriate Brecht's new vocabulary was not immediately suc­cessful with French critics: deadlines and a certain journalistic omniscience often stood in the way of cautious con­ceptual work. In conversation with Mag­nan, however, the efforts Brecht made during his last trip to Paris to make his concepts accessible and understand­able become visible behind the cliché of his image as a secretive poet. Not only did he grant his critic [Magnan] an interview; he also sent a letter af­ter the conversation [this typed text]" (Noah Willumsen).
Famously praised by Roland Barthes, the "V-effect" had a great influence in both theater and film, including Arthur Miller's The Crucible, connecting the Salem trials with McCarthyism using the Brechtian technique of historicization.
Jean-Luc Godard's cinematographic aesthetic also owes much from his the­atrical effects.
Building a new society through theat­rical techniques - this is the lesson of Bertolt Brecht's theoretical testimony, written for the press a year before his death: "The Brecht we encounter here, in his interviews, is familiar, though practically unknown: savvy and skep­tical in his use of media, transnational in his interventions, evasive, yet indel­ible. Over the course of his career, he slowly transformed the interview from a vehicle for commentary into a modern form of oral literature. Scholars have of­ten overlooked its new possibilities [...] Since Brecht's death, the interview has become an essential part of the author's profession; his role in this develop­ment should not be forgotten" (Norman Roessler).
Provenance: Archives of Henry Magnan, poet, journalist (Le Monde, Combat, Les Cahiers du Cinéma, Les Lettres français­es). Author of an encyclopedia article about Brecht (Larousse mensuel, 1956).
 




 
*

C’est à l’occasion de sa dernière venue à Paris que le dramaturge envoie ce véritable manifeste de la Verfremdung au journaliste de théâtre Henry Magnan. Le texte reflète l’intérêt renouvelé de la France pour sa démarche révolutionnaire : « Du 20 au 24 juin 1955, la troupe du Berliner Ensemble joue Le Cercle de craie caucasien dans le cadre du second Festival international des arts dramatiques à Paris ; Brecht y participe malgré des problèmes de santé. L’intérêt du public dépasse même celui suscité par la première représentation parisienne en 1954. Toutes les représentations se jouèrent à guichets fermés. La pièce, avec ses références politiques actuelles, posa parfois problème aux critiques, mais la mise en scène fut unanimement saluée. » (Noah Willumsen, Brecht. Interviews 1926-1956, 2023).

Le texte accompagne un entretien accordé à Magnan pour Le Monde (« Déclarations de M. Bertolt Brecht », 25 juin 1955).

Cette déclaration tapuscrite sera cependant tronquée dans l’article contre la volonté de Brecht dont la « seule exigence (ô quel homme !) fut de nous demander de transcrire exactement la lettre », lit-on pourtant dans l’article ! La traduction avait même totalement changé le sens de la seconde phrase, en effaçant la négation présente dans notre version originale : « Au fond il s’agit toujours d’effets de distanciation lorsque l’art ne maintient pas l’illusion pour nous de nous trouver en présence de la nature ». Une omission, probablement involontaire, qui déformait la définition même de son projet théâtral fondé sur la Verfremdung.

 

Comme le socialiste George Bernard Shaw avant lui, Brecht voulait ouvertement changer l’esprit de son public, c’est-à-dire réfléchir à l’ancien, à l’acquis, ne pas se contenter de l’accepter, le modifier si nécessaire et viser la nouveauté. Son engagement politique a non seulement façonné le contenu de son théâtre, mais aussi sa forme. C’est le grand paradoxe du théâtre brechtien, dont les fameux procédés sont eux-mêmes anciens :

«  Les ’effets de distanciation’ sont connus depuis longtemps dans le théâtre et dans les autres arts […] Ainsi, sur scène, le monde représenté est déjà distancié par la convention de la versification, ou par un style très personnel ou par le changement brusque du vers à la prose ou du sérieux au comique. J’utilise moi-même des effets de distanciation (dont les anciens mentionnés ci-dessus) pour faire apparaître la nature de la société humaine comme n’étant pas si naturelle (Naturelle, mon cher, c’est la nature), c’est-à-dire évidente et incontestable. La science traite depuis longtemps les ’forces de la nature’ (épidémies, cataclysmes météorologiques, la nuit, etc.) comme le fruit de la nature, mais en aucun cas naturelles. L’art est toujours impuissant devant la nature humaine et les catastrophes sociales individuelles ou générales (désir de puissance, amour, guerre, etc.). L’art reste défaitiste en présence de la nature humaine.

Dans quelques écrits théoriques j’ai essayé de montrer pourquoi l’art du théâtre a absolument besoin des ’effets de distanciation’ – d’ailleurs pas nécessairement les miens ».

Ses innovations non-réalistes représentent dans une large mesure un retour à la tradition théâtrale classique européenne – tout en puisant dans diverses sources, dont le théâtre asiatique, élisabéthain ou expressionniste.

Comme le montre les erreurs de transcription et les coupes effectuées dans le texte original de Brecht, « La presse française n’a pas réussi du premier coup à s’approprier le nouveau vocabulaire brechtien : les délais de publication et une certaine omniscience journalistique ont souvent fait obstacle à un travail de conceptualisation prudent. Mais en discutant avec Magnan, on se rend compte que derrière le cliché du poète renfermé se cachent les efforts que Brecht a déployés lors de son dernier voyage à Paris pour rendre ses concepts accessibles et compréhensibles. Non seulement il accorda une interview à son critique [Magnan], mais il envoya également une lettre à la suite de l’entretien [ce tapuscrit] » (Noah Willumsen).

 

Célébré par Roland Barthes, le « V-effekt » fera de nombreux émules tant au théâtre qu’au cinéma : on peut citer la célèbre pièce d’Arthur Miller The Crucible dont les procédés de narration mettent en regard les procès de Salem et le maccarthysme des années 1950 – ou encore les films de Jean-Luc Godard, dont l’esthétique cinématographique doit beaucoup aux dispositifs brechtiens.

Construire une société neuve grâce aux artifices du théâtre – voici l’enseignement de cet admirable testament théorique de Bertolt Brecht, écrit pour la presse un an avant sa disparition : « Au cours de sa carrière, il a lentement transformé l’interview en une forme moderne de littérature orale. Les universitaires ont souvent négligé ses nouvelles possibilités […] Depuis la mort de Brecht, l’interview est devenue un élément essentiel de sa vocation d’auteur ; son rôle dans cette évolution ne doit pas être oublié. » (Norman Roessler)

 

Provenance : Archive de Henry Magnan, poète, journaliste et chroniqueur au Monde, Combat, Les Cahiers du Cinéma et Les Lettres françaises. Il rédigea un article encyclopédique sur Brecht (Larousse mensuel, 1956).

Bibliographical description of this copy

  • author:
    BRECHT Bertolt
  • Publisher:
    s. n.
  • Year:
    1955
  • Dimensions:
    17.50 x 20.90 cm
More about this topic
    Réf : 87894|Sold
    Bertolt BRECHT • Original typescript signed - Definition of the "Verfremdungseffekt"  • Définition du "Verfremdungseffekt" • Autograph • 1955
    Bertolt BRECHT • Original typescript signed - Definition of the "Verfremdungseffekt"  • Définition du "Verfremdungseffekt" • Autograph • 1955
    Bertolt BRECHT • Original typescript signed - Definition of the "Verfremdungseffekt"  • Définition du "Verfremdungseffekt" • Autograph • 1955
    Sold
    ⬨ 87894

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