DESCRIPTION DE L'EGYPTE. Arts et métiers. Vue intérieure du moulin à huile. (ETAT MODERNE, volume II, planche XII)

Original etching in plano, untrimmed, extracted from the so-called "Imperial" edition of the Description de l'Égypte ou Recueil des observations et recherches faites en Égypte pendant l'expédition française, publié par les ordres de Sa Majesté l'Empereur Napoléon le Grand.
Created between February 1802 and 1829 by order of Napoleon Bonaparte and published from 1809 [actually 1810], it was printed in 1000 copies on watermarked laid paper "Égypte ancienne et moderne" and offered to institutions.
Light and marginal foxing not affecting the engraving, otherwise very fine condition and preservation.



Volume ETAT MODERNE, II:
The genius of the Institute's scholars is particularly revealed through the plates of the section called Egypte Moderne. Architecture, industry, social structures, health conditions, water management, music, and craftsmanship are presented with exceptional precision and graphic quality. The spirit of Diderot and d'Alembert's L'Encyclopédie remains underlying in the approach of the Description de L'Egypte draftsmen, who accompany the text volumes with numerous detailed plates, endeavoring to create a portrait of the populations imbued with beauty and respect. Wealthy pashas or simple potter artisans are represented with sensitivity, going about their occupations amid aesthetic compositions, without falling into idealism or caricature.

LA DESCRIPTION DE L'EGYPTE, IMPERIAL edition (1809-1829):
La Description de l'Egypte is one of the masterpieces of French publishing and the starting point of a new science: Egyptology. A titanic exposition of Egypt during Bonaparte's conquests between 1798 and 1799, it is divided into 23 volumes including 13 volumes of engravings gathering nearly 1000 plates in black and 72 in color. The 6 volumes of plates entitled Antiquités are devoted to the splendors of Pharaonic Egypt. L'Histoire naturelle is divided into 3 volumes of engravings. One volume is devoted to Cartes géographiques et topographiques while the 3 volumes : Etat Moderne present a striking portrait of Coptic and Islamic Egypt as it was seen by Bonaparte's armies of the Orient.

The "Egyptian campaign," a military disaster, reveals through the engravings of the Description de l'Egypte the scientific success it became, thanks to the approximately 167 scholars members of the Commission of Sciences and Arts of the Institute of Egypt who followed Napoleon's army. The Institute brought together in Egypt the mathematician Monge, the chemist Berthollet, the naturalist Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, as well as numerous artists, engineers, architects, doctors... They were charged with rediscovering modern and ancient Egypt, showing its natural riches, and the expertise of its inhabitants.

The first edition, called "Imperial," of the Description de l'Egypte was produced in four large formats, two of them specially created for it and named "Moyen-Egypte" and "Grand-Egypte" formats. A specific press was built for its printing, which stretched over twenty years, between 1809 and 1829. The Imperial edition proved so popular that a second edition in 37 volumes entirely in black and without the "Egypte ancienne et moderne" watermark, called the "Panckoucke" edition, was published from 1821 by the C.-L.-F. Panckoucke printing house (Paris).
The realization of this monument of erudition owes much to Baron Dominique Vivant Denon, illustrator, diplomat, collector and later director of the Napoleon Museum at the Louvre who accompanied Napoleon to Egypt with many other scholars but decided alone to venture into the South of the country, while the other invited scientists remained confined to the Cairo region. The fabulous sketches brought back by Denon from his romantic ride gave Bonaparte the idea to send the other members of the Institute there and thus create a faithful and complete portrait of the territory. Following Denon, it was therefore the greatest French scientists and artists who ventured along the Nile to Nubia. Among them, the painter at the natural history museum H.J. Redouté (brother of Pierre-Joseph Redouté, author of Roses), the mineralogist Dolomieu, the draftsman Joly, and the engineers Fourier and Costaz, charged with the scientific study of the ancient vestiges of Upper Egypt.
Probably for the first time brought together in such an expedition, the French scientific and artistic elite, composed of more than 160 "scholars" including nearly 50 artists, systematically studied Egypt for three years. They then achieved, under the aegis and glory of Napoleon, the most vast historical, geographical, scientific, economic and ethnological analysis ever conducted on a country. But it was perhaps the engravings that constituted the major technical challenge of this Description de l'Egypte, as testified by Yves Laissus, curator of the exhibition organized in 2009 by the RMN and the Army Museum at the Invalides:
"The illustration, 836 plates including about sixty in colors, etched and engraved in formats hitherto unusual (the largest covers nearly one square meter), necessitated the construction of new molds and vats for papermaking, justified the invention, by Nicolas Conté, of a machine designed to lighten the engravers' work, and required the creation of new presses capable of printing these immense images. Some of them required two years of work. Nearly 200 engravers reproduced on copper the works of 62 draftsmen, 46 of whom participated in the expedition."
Rare and superb original engraving of exceptional workmanship and graphic quality, testimony to one of the most ambitious French editorial adventures.