DESCRIPTION DE L'EGYPTE - Arts et métiers - Le Faiseur de tuyaux de pipe, Le Pileur de tabac (ETAT MODERNE, volume II, planche XXVII)

Original etching in plano, untrimmed, extracted from the so-called "Imperial" edition of the Description de l'Égypte ou Recueil des observations et recherches faites en Égypte pendant l'expédition française, publié par les ordres de Sa Majesté l'Empereur Napoléon le Grand.
Created between February 1802 and 1829 by order of Napoleon Bonaparte and published from 1809 [actually 1810], it was printed in 1000 copies on laid paper watermarked "Égypte ancienne et moderne" and offered to institutions.
Light fold mark in upper right corner, otherwise excellent freshness and condition.



Volume MODERN STATE, II:
The genius of the scholars of the Institute is particularly revealed through the plates of the section called Modern Egypt. Architecture, industry, social structures, sanitary conditions, water management, music, and craftsmanship are presented with exceptional precision and graphic quality. The spirit of Diderot and d'Alembert's Encyclopedia remains underlying in the approach of the draftsmen of the Description of Egypt, who accompany the text volumes with numerous detailed plates, endeavoring to create a portrait of the populations imbued with beauty and respect. Wealthy pashas or simple potter artisans are represented with sensitivity, going about their occupations amidst aesthetic compositions, without falling into idealism or caricature.

THE DESCRIPTION OF EGYPT, IMPERIAL edition (1809-1829):
The Description of Egypt is one of the masterpieces of French publishing and the starting point of a new science: Egyptology. A titanic exposition of Egypt during Bonaparte's conquests between 1798 and 1799, it is divided into 23 volumes including 13 volumes of engravings gathering nearly 1000 plates in black and 72 in color. The 6 volumes of plates entitled Antiquities are devoted to the splendors of Pharaonic Egypt. Natural History is divided into 3 volumes of engravings. One volume is devoted to Geographical and topographical maps while the 3 volumes : Modern State present a striking portrait of Coptic and Islamic Egypt as it was seen by Bonaparte's Army of the Orient.

The "Egyptian campaign," a military disaster, reveals through the engravings of the Description of Egypt the scientific success it became, thanks to the some 167 scholars members of the Commission of Sciences and Arts of the Institute of Egypt who followed Napoleon's army. The Institute brought together in Egypt the mathematician Monge, the chemist Berthollet, the naturalist Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, as well as numerous artists, engineers, architects, doctors... They were charged with rediscovering modern and ancient Egypt, showing its natural riches, and the know-how of its inhabitants.

The first edition, called "Imperial," of the Description of Egypt was created in four large formats, two of them specially created for it and named "Middle-Egypt" and "Grand-Egypt" formats. A specific press was built for its printing, which stretched over twenty years, between 1809 and 1829. The Imperial edition proved so popular that a second edition in 37 volumes entirely in black and without the "ancient and modern Egypt" watermark, called the "Panckoucke" edition, was published from 1821 by the C.-L.-F. Panckoucke printing house (Paris).
The realization of this monument of erudition owes much to Baron Dominique Vivant Denon, illustrator, diplomat, collector and later director of Napoleon's Louvre museum who accompanied Napoleon to Egypt with many other scholars but decided alone to venture into the South of the country, while the other invited scientists remained confined to the Cairo region. The fabulous sketches brought back by Denon from his romantic ride gave Bonaparte the idea to send the other members of the Institute there and thus create a faithful and complete portrait of the territory. Following Denon, it was therefore the greatest French scientists and artists who ventured along the Nile as far as Nubia. Among them, the painter at the natural history museum H.J. Redouté (brother of Pierre-Joseph Redouté, author of the Roses), the mineralogist Dolomieu, the draftsman Joly, and the engineers Fourier and Costaz, charged with the scientific study of the ancient vestiges of Upper Egypt.
Probably for the first time brought together in such an expedition, the French scientific and artistic elite, composed of more than 160 "scholars" including nearly 50 artists, methodically studied Egypt for three years. They then carried out, under the aegis and to the glory of Napoleon, the most vast historical, geographical, scientific, economic and ethnological analysis ever performed on a country. But it is perhaps the engravings that constituted the major technical challenge of this Description of Egypt, as testified by Yves Laissus, curator of the exhibition organized in 2009 by the RMN and the Army Museum at the Invalides:
"The illustration, 836 plates including about sixty in color, engraved with etching and burin in previously unused formats (the largest covers nearly a square meter), necessitated the construction of new forms and vats for paper manufacturing, justified the invention, by Nicolas Conté, of a machine intended to lighten the burden of engravers, and required the creation of new presses capable of printing these immense images. Some of them required two years of work. Nearly 200 engravers reproduced on copper the works of 62 draftsmen of whom 46 participated in the expedition."
Rare and superb original engraving of exceptional craftsmanship and graphic quality, testimony to one of the most ambitious French editorial adventures.